Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a Hele-Shaw cell

A linear stability analysis is presented for the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a Hele-Shaw cell, an analysis based on the Navier–Stokes equation to improve on the previous Euler–Darcy study that Gondret and Rabaud [Phys. Fluids 9, 3267 (1997)] made of their own experiments

Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a Hele-Shaw cell: Large effect from the small region near the meniscus

In an attempt to improve the poor prediction of our previous theory, we examine corrections from the small region in a Hele-Shaw cell near the meniscus where the flow is three dimensional. At larger Reynolds numbers, we find an O(1) change to the effective boundary condition for mass conservation which is to be applied to the large scale flow outside the small region

Predicting Outcomes in Investment Treaty Arbitration

Crafting appropriate dispute settlement processes is challenging for any conflict-management system, particularly for politically sensitive international economic law disputes. As the United States negotiates investment treaties with Asian and European countries, the terms of dispute settlement have become contentious. There is a vigorous debate about whether investment treaty arbitration (ITA) is an appropriate dispute settlement mechanism. While some sing the praises of ITA, others offer a spirited critique. Some critics claim that ITA is biased against states, while others suggest ITA is predictable but unfair due to factors like arbitrator identity or venue. Using data from 159 final cases derived from 272 publicly available ITA awards, this Article examines outcomes of ITA cases to explore those concerns. Key descriptive findings demonstrate that states reliably won a greater proportion of cases than investors; and for the subset of cases investors won, the mean award was US$45.6 million with mean investor success rate of 35%. State success rates were roughly similar to respondent-favorable or state-favorable results in whistleblowing, qui tam, and medical-malpractice litigation in U.S. courts. The Article then explores whether ITA outcomes varied depending upon investor identity, state identity, the presence of repeat-player counsel, arbitrator-related, or venue variables. Models using case-based variables always predicted outcomes whereas arbitrator-venue models did not. The results provide initial evidence that the most critical variables for predicting outcomes involved some form of investor identity and the experience of parties’ lawyers. For investor identity, the most robust predictor was whether investors were human beings, with cases brought by people exhibiting greater success than corporations; and when at least one named investor or corporate parent was ranked in the Financial Times 500, investors sometimes secured more favorable outcomes. Following Marc Galanter’s scholarship demonstrating that repeat-player lawyers are critical to litigation outcomes, attorney experience also affected ITA outcomes. Investors with experienced counsel were more likely to obtain a damage award against a state, whereas states retaining experienced counsel were only reliably associated with decreased levels of relative investor success. Although there was variation in outcomes, ultimately, the data did not support a conclusion that ITA was completely unpredictable; rather, the results called into question some critiques of ITA and did not prove that ITA is a wholly unacceptable form of dispute settlement. Instead, the results suggest the vital debate about ITA’s future would be well served by focusing on evidence-based insights and reliance on data rather than nonreplicable intuition

Temperature Corrections to Conformal Field Theory

We consider finite temperature dynamical correlation functions in the interacting delta-function Bose gas. In the low-temperature limit the asymptotic behaviour of correlation functions can be determined from conformal field theory. In the present work we determine the deviations from conformal behaviour at low temperatures.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Designers' Understanding of Changing Human Behaviour

A review of design models for behaviour change established that although design with an intent to change human behaviour is a topic under discussion, there is a need to understand better the perceptions that professional spatial designers hold on human behaviour and how to influence it. Therefore this thesis aimed to identify designer’s perceptions on what can change human behaviour [RQ1], to isolate what may inform their perceptions [RQ2], and to establish in what ways these perceptions compare with existing human behaviour theory [RQ3]. Multifaceted interviews were conducted with spatial designers who self-identified as practising in Design for Behaviour Change [DfBC]. Within method triangulation and thematic analysis identified nineteen distinct experiential concepts which indicate how designers think that user-occupants might experience intentional design. These concepts have been connected to human behaviour theory to identify some theories that can inform design for behaviour change. In addition the analysis identified four mitigating factors and five perception determinants that inform real world design strategies for behaviour change. Synthesis of these findings represents an entirely different way of thinking about the phenomenon of DfBC in that it separates “what” (the experiential concept) from “why” (human behaviour theory) to make sense of it. Coupling an experiential concept with an applicable human behaviour theory creates a behavioural lever that better targets specific behaviour. Some of the theories can influence more than one behaviour factor depending upon the experiential concept that is applied in the design. It is the behavioural levers (the combination of an experiential concept with a human behaviour theory) that creates a more complete understanding of DfBC. The results are diagrammed in a framework for designers and researchers to use.Cambridge International Trust Prince Charles C. T. Taylor Foundatio

Ideophones in Manyika Shona: A Descriptive Analysis of Ideophones and their Function in Manyika (Bantu)

Ideophones are a class of words which occur in many languages throughout the world, but are relatively uncommon in English. Though often mimetic, ideophones are not to be confused with onomatopoeia since they extend well beyond the narrow scope of sound only symbolism. In the past, ideophones have been difficult for linguists to categorize and understand due to their limited usage in many of their native European languages. These words are marked due to their divergent phonology, morphology, syntax, or all of the above. Ideophones often vividly depict one or more sensory events, ranging from sight to emotion. This paper will discuss this class of words as they appear in Manyika Shona, a dialect of Shona spoken in Eastern Zimbabwe by about 1,025,000 people

Early evolution of electron cyclotron driven current during suppression of tearing modes in a circular tokamak

When electron cyclotron (EC) driven current is first applied to the inside of a magnetic island, the current spreads throughout the island and after a short period achieves a steady level. Using a two equation fluid model for the EC current that allows us to examine this early evolution in detail, we analyze high-resolution simulations of a 2/1 classical tearing mode in a low-beta large aspect-ratio circular tokamak. These simulations use a nonlinear 3D reduced-MHD fluid model and the JOREK code. During the initial period where the EC driven current grows and spreads throughout the magnetic island, it is not a function of the magnetic flux. However, once it has reached a steady-state, it should be a flux function. We demonstrate numerically that if sufficiently resolved toroidally, the steady-state EC driven current becomes approximately a flux function. We discuss the physics of this early period of EC evolution and its impact on the size of the magnetic island.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

The role of patriotism in explaining the TV audience of national team games - Evidence from four international tournaments

In the literature addressing the determinants of TV audiences in sports, both the absolute and relative playing strength of the opponents play a prominent role. Regarding national team competitions, however, this study conjectures that patriotism matters as well. Analyzing the Swiss TV audience at 2 World Cups and 2 European Football Championships, this study finds strong evidence that TV ratings are highly affected by the sizes of the groups of foreign residents affiliated with the teams playing on the field